The back-pressure you felt probably means the filter got blocked. If you want you could push the rest through a fresh filter, but I would not rely on the one that already resisted. The pressure that caused the blowback might have harmed the membrane. Still, what you saw is most likely the material collected from running three vials through a single filter. At least this shows filtering is actually removing something instead of being wasted effort.
I combined three T30 vials by drawing 1 ml from each into one syringe then pushed everything through a filter into a fresh 5 ml sterile vial. This time extra resistance built up and when I relaxed the plunger some air came back through the filter into the syringe. I had already moved about 2.25 ml of the 3 ml total and saw a cloudy streak in what remained in the syringe, but I kept going and skipped the usual flush so I could look at it later. After I drew a little air back through the filter and put the needle into one of the original vials this is what showed up. Could that just be everything the filter caught from the three vials? All three started clear and still look clear on the right after filtering. I normally flush and throw the filter away without checking, but this shows it was actually catching stuff.